Scalability and Security in Parallel: A Comprehensive Analysis of Ethereum Fusaka Upgrade and 12 EIPs

Author: @ChromiteMerge

Ethereum is set to undergo a hard fork upgrade called “Fusaka” on December 3, 2025. This upgrade includes 12 Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs), which are like precise components working together to enhance Ethereum’s scalability, security, and efficiency. Below, I categorize these 12 EIPs and explain in simple terms what problems they address and why they are crucial for Ethereum’s future.

Scalability! Making Ethereum Faster and More Capacity

This is the core theme of the Fusaka upgrade. To support the global digital economy, Ethereum must solve transaction congestion and high fees. The following EIPs aim to achieve this, especially focusing on reducing costs and increasing capacity for Layer 2 scaling.

EIP-7594: PeerDAS - Data Availability Sampling

Problem: Since the Dencun upgrade introduced “Blob” data for cheap Layer 2 data storage, a key issue arose: how to ensure these massive data sets are truly available? Currently, each validator downloads and verifies all blob data in a block. When a block carries up to 9 blobs, this is manageable. But if future blocks carry more (e.g., 128 blobs), downloading and verifying all blobs becomes costly, raising the barrier for validators and threatening decentralization.

Solution: PeerDAS (Peer Data Availability Sampling) turns the traditional “check all” approach into “sample and verify.” Simply put:

2. The network slices the full blob data into pieces.

3. Validators don’t need to download all blobs—they randomly download and check a few data slices.

4. Validators then cross-verify and exchange results to collectively confirm the data’s integrity and availability.

It’s like a big puzzle: everyone has only a few pieces, but by checking key connections, they can confirm the whole puzzle is intact. PeerDAS isn’t entirely new; its core idea has been successfully implemented in projects like Celestia. Implementing PeerDAS fills a critical “tech debt” in Ethereum’s long-term scaling plan.

Significance: PeerDAS greatly reduces storage requirements for validators, clearing a major obstacle to large-scale data capacity expansion. In the future, each block could hold hundreds of blobs, supporting the Teragas vision of up to 10 million TPS, while allowing ordinary users to run validators and maintain decentralization.

EIP-7892: BPO Hard Fork - Lightweight Parameter Upgrade

Problem: Market demand for Layer 2 data capacity changes rapidly. Waiting for a major upgrade like Fusaka to adjust blob limits is too slow and can’t keep pace with ecosystem growth.

Solution: This EIP defines a “Blob Parameter Only Hardfork” (BPO) mechanism. It’s a lightweight upgrade that only modifies a few parameters related to blobs (e.g., target blobs per block), without complex code changes. Node operators can simply accept new parameters at a specified time, like updating a config file online, without full client upgrades.

Significance: BPO enables Ethereum to quickly and safely adjust network capacity. For example, after Fusaka, the community plans two consecutive BPO upgrades to double blob capacity gradually. This allows flexible, incremental expansion of blob space, smoothing out costs and throughput increases with manageable risks.

EIP-7918: Stable Blob Fee Market

Problem: The previous blob fee adjustment mechanism was too volatile. When demand was low, fees dropped near zero, failing to stimulate new demand and creating a “lowest price” anomaly. When demand surged, fees spiked, causing high costs. This price volatility made fee planning difficult for Layer 2 projects.

Solution: EIP-7918 stabilizes blob fees by setting reasonable bounds linked to Layer 2 execution costs. The fee limits are anchored to the stable costs of Layer 2 operations like state updates or ZK proof verification, which are relatively unaffected by transaction volume. Tying blob fees to these stable costs prevents wild fluctuations.

Significance: This prevents fee “race to the bottom” or “skyrocketing,” making Layer 2 operating costs more predictable. Stable fees help projects set fair, consistent transaction costs, avoiding rollercoaster pricing experiences.

EIP-7935: Increasing Mainnet Transaction Capacity

Problem: The block gas limit (~30 million) determines how many transactions fit in a block, but it hasn’t been adjusted for years. Raising this limit can boost throughput, but must not compromise decentralization or validation hardware requirements.

Solution: This proposal suggests raising the default gas limit to a new recommended level (e.g., 45 million or higher). It’s not mandatory but guides validators to gradually accept higher limits.

Significance: Higher gas limits mean more transactions per block, increasing TPS and easing network congestion and fees. Validation hardware requirements will rise, so the community will proceed cautiously.

Security and Stability! Building a Robust Network

While expanding capacity, ensuring network security and stability is paramount. The Ethereum Foundation launched the “Trillion Dollar Security” plan in May 2025 to build a network capable of securely handling assets worth trillions. Several EIPs in Fusaka advance this goal, like installing better “brakes” and “guardrails.”

EIP-7934: Set Block Size Limit

Problem: Ethereum’s “block gas limit” only controls computational load, not physical size. Attackers could craft “low-cost, large-volume” transactions (e.g., spam transfers of 0 ETH to many addresses) that produce blocks with normal gas but enormous data size, causing slow propagation and potential DoS attacks.

Solution: Enforce a hard cap of 10MB on block size. Any block exceeding this size is rejected.

Significance: Like setting maximum truck dimensions on a highway, this prevents oversized data blocks from slowing the network, ensuring faster propagation and improved resilience.

EIP-7825: Set Per-Transaction Gas Limit

Problem: While total block gas is limited, individual transactions currently have no cap. A single transaction could consume nearly all block resources, delaying others and risking unfairness.

Solution: Impose a hard cap of 16.77 million gas per transaction. Complex transactions exceeding this must be split into multiple parts.

Significance: Ensures fairness and predictability, preventing any single transaction from monopolizing block space and delaying others.

EIP-7823 & EIP-7883: Secure ModExp Precompile

Problem: ModExp (modular exponentiation) is used in cryptography but has vulnerabilities: input length can be unbounded, and low fees for large inputs can be exploited to drain resources.

Solutions:

• EIP-7823: Limit input length to 8192 bits, enough for practical use.

• EIP-7883: Increase gas costs for large inputs, making attacks costly.

Significance: These measures remove attack vectors, ensuring ModExp remains secure and resource costs are proportional to effort.

Developer Tools! Empowering Application Building

Fusaka also introduces new tools for developers, making building on Ethereum more powerful and efficient.

EIP-7951: Support for Mainstream Hardware Signatures

Problem: Devices like iPhones, bank security keys, and hardware modules use secp256r1 (P-256), but Ethereum defaults to secp256k1. This mismatch limits direct secure interactions.

Solution: Add a precompile contract to support and verify secp256r1 signatures natively.

Significance: Opens the door for billions of devices to securely sign Ethereum transactions directly, simplifying user experience and boosting Web3 adoption.

EIP-7939: Efficient CLZ Instruction

Problem: Calculating leading zeros in a 256-bit number is common in cryptography and ZK applications but lacks a dedicated opcode in EVM, leading to costly Solidity code.

Solution: Add a “CLZ” (Count Leading Zeros) opcode to EVM.

Significance: Provides a fast, low-cost tool for developers, reducing gas costs for math-heavy applications like ZK rollups.

Network Optimization! Invisible Improvements for a Healthier Ecosystem

Two final EIPs focus on long-term network health and coordination.

EIP-7642: Reduce Syncing Burden for New Nodes

Problem: As history grows, new nodes face huge data downloads, raising barriers. Also, after The Merge, some redundant data remains, increasing size.

Solution: Implement “data expiration” strategies to skip old data during sync, and simplify transaction receipts by removing unnecessary fields. This reduces full sync data by about 530GB.

Significance: Makes running full nodes easier and more accessible, strengthening decentralization.

EIP-7917: Deterministic Block Proposal Order & Pre-Confirmation

Problem: Current Layer 2 rollups rely on a central sequencer, risking censorship and MEV extraction. Moving to a more decentralized “Based Rollup” model involves using Ethereum’s proposer for ordering, but introduces delays.

Solution: Modify consensus to precompute and publish the proposer schedule in advance, turning randomness into a predictable timetable.

Significance: Enables Layer 2 gateways to pre-know proposers, facilitating trusted pre-confirmations with security guarantees. This is key for next-gen decentralized rollups, balancing security and user experience.

Why Is Fusaka the Right Upgrade at the Right Time?

Fusaka isn’t just a technical upgrade; it’s a strategic move amid the era of on-chain real-world assets (RWA) and stablecoins. Ethereum now hosts over 56% of the global stablecoin supply, becoming the backbone of the digital dollar economy. Fusaka aims to prepare Ethereum for Wall Street-scale assets and transactions.

• Custom chains for institutional Layer 2, with unlimited capacity

As traditional finance enters crypto, we’ll see more Layer 2 “private chains” tailored for specific needs (e.g., KYC). These require Ethereum’s data availability for secure, cheap storage.

Fusaka’s EIPs like 7594, 7892, and 7918 are designed to drastically lower data costs and enable flexible scaling, supporting massive institutional adoption.

• Building a trillion-dollar secure financial infrastructure

For institutions managing trillions, security is paramount. Fusaka’s EIPs (7934, 7825, 7823, 7883) reinforce Ethereum’s defenses, moving toward the “trillion-dollar security” goal.

In summary, Fusaka’s core theme is clear: scaling and security. With favorable regulation and market momentum, it’s a timely upgrade that will help Ethereum solidify its role in stablecoins, assets, and mainstream finance—transforming from a speculative asset to a foundational financial infrastructure.

Conclusion: Deep and Steady Change

As a key upgrade at the end of 2025, Fusaka quietly injects strong internal momentum into Ethereum. Its 12 improvements target the main pain points of scalability, security, and efficiency. It broadens Ethereum’s “value highway,” boosting capacity and reliability, preparing for massive future users, assets, and applications.

For ordinary users, these changes may seem subtle, but their impact will be profound. A stronger, faster, safer Ethereum can realize ambitious visions—instant global settlement networks or “On-Chain Wall Street.” Fusaka is a solid step toward that future.

This analysis is based on public information and does not constitute investment advice. Cryptocurrency investments carry significant risks; please do your own research (DYOR).

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